| Base pairs | Genes | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| φX174 | 5,386 | 11 | virus of E. coli |
| Human mitochondrion | 16,569 | 37 | |
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | 172,282 | 80 | causes mononucleosis |
| Nanoarchaeum equitans | 490,885 | 552 | This parasitic member of the Archaea has the smallest genome of a true organism yet found. |
| nucleomorph of Guillardia theta | 551,264 | 511 | all that remains of the nuclear genome of a red alga (a eukaryote) engulfed long ago by another eukaryote |
| Mycoplasma genitalium | 580,073 | 485 | two of the smallest true organisms |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 816,394 | 680 | |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | 1,042,519 | 936 | this bacterium causes the most common sexually-transmitted disease (STD) in the U.S. |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | 1,111,523 | 834 | bacterium that causes epidemic typhus |
| Treponema pallidum | 1,138,011 | 1,039 | bacterium that causes syphilis |
| Mimivirus | 1,181,404 | 1,262 | A virus (of an amoeba) with a genome larger than the six cellular organisms above |
| Pelagibacter ubique | 1,308,759 | 1,354 | smallest genome yet found in a free-living organism (marine α-proteobacterium) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 1.44 x 106 | 1,738 | bacterium that causes Lyme disease [Note] |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 1,641,481 | 1,708 | frequent cause of food poisoning |
| Helicobacter pylori | 1,667,867 | 1,589 | chief cause of stomach ulcers (not stress and diet) |
| Thermoplasma acidophilum | 1,564,905 | 1,509 | These unicellular microbes look like typical bacteria but their genes are so different from those of either bacteria or eukaryotes that they are classified in a third kingdom: Archaea. |
| Methanococcus jannaschii | 1,664,970 | 1,783 | |
| Aeropyrum pernix | 1,669,695 | 1,885 | |
| Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum | 1,751,377 | 2,008 | |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 1,830,138 | 1,738 | bacterium that causes middle ear infections |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 2,160,837 | 2,236 | the pneumococcus |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 2,184,406 | 2,185 | Group A; causes occasional epidemics of meningitis in less developed countries. |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 2,272,351 | 2,221 | Group B; the most frequent cause of meningitis in the U.S. |
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi | 2,507,519 | 1,997 | (plus 69 RNA genes); a parasitic eukaryote. |
| Propionibacterium acnes | 2,560,265 | 2,333 | causes acne |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2,944,528 | 2,926 | 2,853 of these encode proteins; the rest RNAs |
| Deinococcus radiodurans | 3,284,156 | 3,187 | on 2 chromosomes and 2 plasmids; bacterium noted for its resistance to radiation damage |
| Synechocystis | 3,573,470 | 4,003 | a marine cyanobacterium ("blue-green alga") |
| Vibrio cholerae | 4,033,460 | 3,890 | in 2 chromosomes; causes cholera |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 4,411,532 | 3,959 | causes tuberculosis |
| Mycobacterium leprae | 3,268,203 | 1,604 | causes leprosy |
| Bacillus subtilis | 4,214,814 | 4,779 | another bacterium |
| E. coli K-12 | 4,639,221 | 4,377 | 4,290 of these genes encode proteins; the rest RNAs |
| E. coli O157:H7 | 5.44 x 106 | 5,416 | strain that is pathogenic for humans; has 1,346 genes not found in E. coli K-12 |
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens | 4,674,062 | 5,419 | Useful vector for making transgenic plants; shares many genes with Sinorhizobium meliloti |
| Salmonella enterica var Typhi | 4,809,037 | 4,395 | + 2 plasmids with 372 active genes; causes typhoid fever |
| Salmonella enterica var Typhimurium | 4,857,432 | 4,450 | + 1 plasmid with 102 active genes |
| Yersinia pestis | 4,826,100 | 4,052 | on 1 chromosome + 3 plasmids; causes plague |
| Schizosaccharomyces pombe | 12,462,637 | 4,929 | Fission yeast. A eukaryote with fewer genes than the four bacteria below. |
| Ralstonia solanacearum | 5,810,922 | 5,129 | soil bacterium pathogenic for many plants; 1681 of its genes on a huge plasmid |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 6.3 x 106 | 5,570 | Increasingly common cause of opportunistic infections in humans. |
| Streptomyces coelicolor | 6,667,507 | 7,842 | An actinomycete whose relatives provide us with many antibiotics |
| Sinorhizobium meliloti | 6,691,694 | 6,204 | The rhizobial symbiont of alfalfa. Genome consists of one chromosome and 2 large plasmids. |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 12,495,682 | 5,770 | Budding yeast. A eukaryote. |
| Cyanidioschyzon merolae | 16,520,305 | 5,331 | A unicellular red alga. |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 22,853,764 | 5,268 | Plus 53 RNA genes. Causes the most dangerous form of malaria. |
| Thalassiosira pseudonana | 34.5 x 106 | 11,242 | A diatom. Plus 144 chloroplast and 40 mitochondrial genes encoding proteins |
| Neurospora crassa | 38,639,769 | 10,082 | Plus 498 RNA genes. |
| Naegleria gruberi | 41 x 106 | 15,727 | This free-living unicellular organism lives as both an amoeboid and a flagellated form. 4,133 of its genes are also found in other eukaryotes suggesting that they were present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. The great variety of functions encoded by these genes also suggests that the common ancestor of all eukaryotes was itself as complex as many of the present-day unicellular members. |
| Caenorhabditis elegans | 100,258,171 | 21,733 | The first metazoan to be sequenced. |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | 115,409,949 | ~28,000 | a flowering plant (angiosperm) See note. |
| Drosophila melanogaster | 122,653,977 | ~17,000 | the "fruit fly" |
| Anopheles gambiae | 278,244,063 | 13,683 | Mosquito vector of malaria. |
| Tetraodon nigroviridis (a pufferfish) | 3.42 x 108 | 27,918 | Although Tetraodon seems to have more protein-encoding genes than we do, it has much less "junk" DNA so its total genome is about a tenth the size of ours. |
| Rice | 3.9 x 108 | 28,236 | |
| Sea urchin | 8.14 x 108 | ~23,300 | |
| Zebrafish | 1.2 x 109 | 15,761 | |
| Dogs | 2.4 x 109 | 19,300 | |
| Humans | 3.3 x 109 | ~21,000 | [Link to more details.] |
| Mouse | 3.4 x 109 | ~23,000 | |
| Amphibians | 109–1011 | ? | |
| Psilotum nudum | 2.5 x 1011 | ? | Note |
| 交互作用 Interaction | 共線性 Collinearty |
範例 | x1、x2 與y y=α+β1x1+β2x2+ε | x1、x2 與y y=α+β1x1+β2x2+ε |
意義 | 2個變項一同對y作用時，有協同或拮抗現象，若2變項對y存在交互作用時，應該只放入交互作用項，EX: x1、x2存在交互作用，則放入迴歸的應為x1*x2，而非x1、x2。 | 2變項之間的相關性很高，通常為Pearson's correlation大於0.8時，EX: x1、x2有高度相關，表示x1、x2對y的影響存在共線性，此時只能選x1、x2其中一個放入迴歸裡，判定的依據為看哪個變項對y的預測比較重要。 |
檢查方法 | TWO-WAY ANOVA | 相關矩陣、CI值、VIF、Tolerance |
結論 | 所以當迴歸分析要放入變項時，要先檢查變項間的共線性，先解決共線性的問題，再去探討是否有交互作用項的存在。 | |
